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x0x:powersupply [2010/07/02 19:14]
ihatetoregister Some formatting and corrected 2.2 F -> 2.2 mF
x0x:powersupply [2016/01/28 18:05] (current)
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 ===== The Power Supply ===== ===== The Power Supply =====
-{{template>​.templates:​schema|section=Power Supply|inputs=none|outputs=All Sections}} +{{template>​.templates:​schema|section=Power Supply|inputs=9 V AC, 50/60 Hz|outputs=5 V and 6 V, and the 12 V and 5.333 V}}
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-The power supply is relatively simple to understand. ​ The power comes in at 9V AC, and goes to the rectifier From here, it is split into 2 sections The 5V and 6V, and the 12V and 5.333 Volt.  At each section there are SmoothingCapacitors and ByPassCapacitors. +
- +
-See the [[jumpers]] page for a list of which jumpers go where.+
  
 +The power supply is relatively simple to understand. The power comes in at 9 V AC, 50/60 Hz, and goes to the rectifier. From here it is split into two sections, the 5 V and 6 V, and the 12 V and 5.333 V. At each section there are smoothing capacitors and [[bypasscapacitors|bypass capacitors]]. ​
  
 +See the [[jumpers]] page for a list of which jumpers go where. ​
 ==== Block Diagram ==== ==== Block Diagram ====
 +{{:​x0x:​power-supply-overview-3.png|}}
  
 <draw name=psblock namespace=x0x>​ <draw name=psblock namespace=x0x>​
-  
  
 ==== The Rectifier and Smoother ==== ==== The Rectifier and Smoother ====
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 {{http://​www.kpsec.freeuk.com/​animated/​brect.gif }} {{http://​www.kpsec.freeuk.com/​animated/​brect.gif }}
  
-The power input into the x0xb0x is 9V Alternating Current. This needs to be converted to direct currentbefore getting regulated to its proper voltageThis is done by the four 1N4001 diodes with what is called a bridge rectifier. You can see how a bridge rectifier works on the left hand sideWhile the bridge rectifier has in fact made sure our current is DC, it is in a state called "Full Wave Varying DC". We don't have a smooth line of direct current, rather, we have a series ​of camel humps, where the voltage ​goes from 0V, to +9V back to 0V+The power input into the x0xb0x is 9 volt alternating current from an AC/AC adaptor. This needs to be converted to direct current before getting regulated to the different voltagesThe 9 volt input is a root mean square value (rms) and is the value that is shown on a multimeter with the ac measuring settingThis means that the peak to peak voltage ​is 9 volts times the square root of two resulting ​in a peak to peak value of about 12.7 volt. Due to differences in ac adaptors ​the rms voltage ​could be over 10 volts resulting in a peak to peak voltage of about 14-15 volts
  
-C3 and C5, the 2.2 mF capacitors perform ​smoothing operationWhen the voltage starts ​on its downward drop from +9 V to 0 V, the capacitors discharge, and the voltage drop is minimized. The DC waveform looks lot smootherand more like gentle waves rather ​than camel humps, ​and the varying ​voltage ​is quite minimal compared ​to the rectified output+The ac/dc conversion is done by the four 1N4001 diodes with what is called ​bridge rectifierYou can see how a bridge rectifier works on the left hand side. While the bridge rectifier has in fact made sure our current ​is DC, it is in state called "full wave varying DC". We don't have a smooth line of direct current, rather, we have a series of camel humps, ​where the voltage ​goes from zero, to the peak voltage back to zero
  
-==== Regulated Voltage ====+The two 2.2 mF capacitors c3 and c5 perform a smoothing operation. When the voltage starts on its downward drop from the peak voltage to zero, the capacitors discharge, and the voltage drop is minimized. The DC waveform looks a lot smoother, and more like gentle waves rather than camel humps, and the varying voltage is quite minimal compared to the rectified output. ​
  
-The voltage regulators are very complex beasts. ​ Essentially they take the gentle waves of the smoothed DC, and turn them in to a (relatively) perfect line of a specified output voltage. 
- 
-After the power is rectified ​ and smoothed by C3 (a 2.2F cap) it is sent to the 7805 voltage regulator. ​ The .1mf Caps before and after the regulator seem to be ByPassCapacitors (to further smooth the waveform from any kind of interference) and are part of the application suggestions in the 7805 datasheet. ​ This then becomes the +5V supply. ​ This suplly draws 33mA average and 40mA max dependong on what kind of LEDs you use. 
- 
-The smoothed waveform is also sent to a 78L06Z, a low current voltage regulator. ​ Again, with .1mf Caps before and after. ​ This becomes the +6V supply. ​ The 6V rail draws 14mA average, irregardless of volume or whether or not notes are being played. ​ One possibility of why this is, is that the la4140 is an inefficent amplifier. 
  
 +==== Regulated Voltage ====
  
 +The voltage regulators are very complex beasts. Essentially they take the gentle waves of the smoothed DC, and turn them in to a relatively perfect line of a specified output voltage. After the power is rectified ​ and smoothed by C3 (a 2.2 mF capacitor) it is sent to the 7805 voltage regulator. The 0.1 mF capacitor before and after the regulator seem to be [[bypasscapacitors|bypass capacitors]] to further smooth the waveform from any kind of interference and are part of the application suggestions in the 7805 datasheet. This then becomes the +5 V supply. This supply draws 33 mA average and 40 mA max depending on what kind of LED's you use. 
  
 +The smoothed waveform is also sent to a 78L06Z, a low current voltage regulator. Again, with 0.1 mF capacitors before and after. This becomes the +6 V supply. The 6 V rail draws 14 mA average, irregardless of volume or whether or not notes are being played. One possibility of why this is, is that the LA4140 is an inefficient amplifier. ​
  
 ==== Doubled and Tuned Voltage ==== ==== Doubled and Tuned Voltage ====
  
-After the power is rectified and smoothed by C5 (the other 2.2F capacitor) it is sent through an RcNetwork ​(100 Ohm and 100uF) ​ before providing power to the Op Amp.+After the power is rectified and smoothed by C5 (the other 2.2 mF capacitor) it is sent through an RC network ​(100 Ohm and 100uF) before providing power to the Op Amp.
  
-The power also goes through another ​RcNetwork ​(1K Ohm and 100uf), before sent to the voltage reference circuit. ​ This is taken from the LM336Z datasheet. ​ TM6 allows to adjust the "​breakdown voltage"​ of the Voltage Reference D45-47 are used to "​obtain a lower temperature ​co-effient"​. ​ This is then sent to an op-amp set up to be a VoltageFollower, to eliminate any loading effects. ​ (This makes sure that 5.333 volts is available throughout the entire circuit?)+The power also goes through another ​RC network ​(1K Ohm and 100uf), before sent to the voltage reference circuit. This is taken from the LM336Z datasheet. TM6 allows to adjust the "​breakdown voltage"​ of the voltage reference. D45-47 are used to "​obtain a lower temperature ​coefficient". This is then sent to an op-amp set up to be a [[voltagefollower|voltage follower]], to eliminate any loading effects. (This makes sure that 5.333 is available throughout the entire circuit?)
  
-5.333V is generated first with the voltage reference and buffer because it is the ac ground (virtual ground) for the whole circuit. It needs to be stable so is generated with this reference from ground rather than from a potentialy ​unstable positive supply. It is buffered so it can supply current under load. As for why they chose 5.333V maybe it was related to the VCO circuit. Ideally you would pick a bias voltage that is half the suppy rail, maybe they chose 5.333V as compromise related the generation of the saw wave.+The 5.333 V is generated first with the voltage reference and buffer because it is the ac ground (virtual ground) for the whole circuit. It needs to be stable so is generated with this reference from ground rather than from a potentially ​unstable positive supply. It is buffered so it can supply current under load. The reason ​they chose 5.333 V is because ​it is evenly divisible by 0.08333 V (i.e. 1/12 volt or one note in 1V/octave CV system).
   ​   ​
-The 5.333 volts is sent to a NonInvertingAmplifier, with 2.2K and 1.8K resistor This provides a 2.222 voltage ​gain to the 5.333V, equaling a voltage of 11.851V, giving us the 12 Volt power supply. ​ Capacitors C60 and C61 seem to be ByPassCapacitors+The 5.333 is sent to a [[noninvertingamplifier|non-inverting amplifier]], with the 2.2 k and 1.8 k resistors. This provides a 2.222 gain to the 5.333 V, equaling a voltage of 11.851 V, giving us the 12 power supply. Capacitors C60 and C61 seem to be [[bypasscapacitors|bypass capacitors]]. ​
  
-This supply draws between ​14mA average and 16mA max when playing notes. ​ When silent, the draw is at 10mA.+This supply draws between ​14 mA average and 16 mA max when playing notes. When silent, the draw is at 10 mA
  
 {{template>​.templates:​fabmenu}} {{template>​.templates:​fabmenu}}
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